Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease, is a condition where the blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced due to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle and tissue. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common heart condition and a leading global cause of death, responsible for almost 18 million deaths annually worldwide. It often progresses silently, with many individuals unaware of their condition until severe symptoms or a heart attack occurs. Factors such as unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyles, and lack of medical care contribute to its prevalence. CAD poses significant economic and healthcare burdens due to costly treatments like angioplasty and bypass surgery. However, it is largely preventable with lifestyle changes, preventative health initiatives, and improved access to healthcare for early diagnosis and treatment.

Causes

CAD typically develops due to atherosclerosis, a process where fatty deposits, known as plaques, build up on the inner walls of the arteries. Over time, these plaques harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and CAD include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet high in processed foods. Genetic predisposition also plays a role, as individuals with a family history of heart disease are at greater risk.

Symptoms

Many individuals with CAD experience no symptoms initially. As the disease progresses, symptoms may appear, especially during physical exertion or emotional stress. Common symptoms include:

- Angina: A feeling of pressure, tightness, or pain in the chest, which may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back.

- Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing due to reduced oxygen supply to the heart and lungs.

- Fatigue: Generalized tiredness caused by the heart's inability to pump efficiently.

- Heart Attack: A complete blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack, characterized by severe chest pain, sweating, nausea, and dizziness. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention.

Diagnosis

Doctors use various methods to diagnose CAD, including:

- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities.

- Stress Testing: Assesses the heart's response to physical exertion or medication-induced stress.

- Imaging Tests: Techniques such as coronary angiography, CT scans, or echocardiograms provide detailed views of the heart and arteries.

- Blood Tests: Measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and markers of inflammation to evaluate cardiovascular risk.

Treatment

The goal of CAD treatment is to improve blood flow, alleviate symptoms, and reduce the risk of heart attacks. Treatment options include:

1. Lifestyle Changes: A heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management, and quitting smoking are essential.

2. Medications: These may include cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), antiplatelet agents (aspirin), beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors.

3. Procedures: In cases where angina is difficult to control, medical interventions like angioplasty (inserting a stent to open blocked arteries) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventing CAD involves managing risk factors through a balanced lifestyle. Regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, stress management, and routine health check-ups are critical in reducing the likelihood of developing CAD.

Coronary artery disease is a progressive condition, but with early detection, lifestyle adjustments, and appropriate medical care, individuals can effectively manage their health and reduce complications.

See our Blog for insights into how diet, lifestyle changes and mindset can help to live with and thrive with CAD.